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HTTP

The ESP32 comes with integrated WiFi and Bluetooth. In this tutorial we are going to take advantage of the WiFi and do an HTTP GET request to get interesting facts.

Prerequisites

We assume that you have set up your development environment as described in the IDE tutorial.

We also assume that you have flashed your device with Jaguar and that you are familiar with running Toit programs on it. If not, have a look at the Hello world tutorial.

Note that you can do this tutorial without a device. In that case, you need to use the -d host option whenever you invoke jag run. The program will then run on your computer instead of on a device.

Packages

The HTTP functionality is not part of the core libraries and must be imported as a package. See the packages tutorial for details.

We are using the http package. To install it, run the following command:

jag pkg install github.com/toitlang/pkg-http@v2

We will also use the certificate-roots package:

jag pkg install github.com/toitware/toit-cert-roots@v1

Code

Start a new Toit program http_get.toit and watch it with Jaguar.

import http
import net
import certificate_roots
import encoding.json

URL ::= "uselessfacts.jsph.pl"
PATH ::= "/random.json?language=en"
CERTIFICATE ::= certificate_roots.ISRG_ROOT_X1

main:
  network := net.open
  client := http.Client.tls network
      --root_certificates=[CERTIFICATE]

  request := client.get URL PATH
  decoded := json.decode_stream request.body
  print decoded["text"]

Doing an HTTP GET is straightforward and consists of calling get on an HTTP client object.

However, things are complicated by two facts:

  • we need to use the HTTPS connection, and
  • the returned data is given as a byte-array and must be decoded.

In order to verify the authenticity of the https server we need to have the certificate of the authenticity that signed the server's own certificate. In the case of https://uselessfacts.jsph.pl the root authority is "ISRG Root X1". This information can be extracted by looking at the site's certificate in Chrome:

Certificate information in Chrome
Certificate information in Chrome

The certificate_roots package is maintained by Toitware and contains some of the most common roots. The included roots are the ones that are shipped with Mozilla's Firefox and should thus be safe to use.

Decoding the given data as JSON is straightforward with the decode_stream functionality of the json library (imported with encoding.json). The server is supposed to return an array of exactly one string item. As such the output of this program could look something like:

[jaguar] INFO: starting program 6a63204c-1c98-519d-bdaa-90e52b491fb4
Until 1994, world maps and globes sold in Albania only had Albania on them.

Exercises

It's almost impossible to damage the ESP32 without connecting hardware to it.